TYPES OF LIME

 Lime and its types

Lime:- Lime is a versatile material that is commonly utilized in building construction. Lime is produced from the calcination of its ore which is limestone. Calcination is the process in which limestone is heated up to redness, causing the loss of carbon dioxide and moisture from it and resulting in the creation of lime. Lime which is produced from relatively pure limestone is called Quick lime. 

Types of Lime:- There are three types of lime used in construction i.e. 

1.  White/ pure/ fat/ rich lime:- This lime is made from moderately pure limestone having percentage purity 90-95% and clay concentration 5-10%. This is termed as Pure Lime. This lime possesses high plasticity and moderate setting time, hence is generally used in work where strength is not required.
2. Water/ hydraulic lime:- This lime is made from impure limestone having percentage purity 70-85% and clay concentration 15-30%. This form of lime does not show slaking and sets rapidly, hence is generally used for those works where strength is required.
3. Impure/ poor lime:- This lime is made from moderately impure limestone possessing high percentage of impurity and clay concentration greater than 30%. This form of lime does not slake, hardens slowly, therefore it is generally used for inferior construction like brick walls.

 TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

• SHEET PILES: Equipped with a vertical interlocking system, sheet piles are long structural sections that create a continuous wall which is used to retain soil or water. The dependency of a sheet pile's ability to perform is on the geometry and the type of soil it is driven into. The pile transfers pressure from the high side of the wall to the soil in front of the wall.

• LOAD BEARING PILES: Load bearing pile are used to transmit the load of a structure through a soil layer which is too weak to support the structure. Pile acts as a column to transfer the load through the weak layer to a stronger layer. This type of pile is designed similar to a reinforced concrete column except the buckling is not considered in the design. 

• FRICTION PILES: Also called floating piles, friction piles receive their bearing capacity through shear stresses along the sides of the pile. They are best used in places where the hard layers of the soil are too deep to reach. Friction piles transfer the load from the topsoil to the bottom with the help of adhesion between pile surface and soil. 

• TIMBER PILES: Like the name suggests, this type of pile is made from timber obtained from teak, sal, deodar, etc. They can be square or circular in shape. 

Pile foundation

 PILE FOUNDATION

In case where the shallow foundation has adequate capacity to support the load of the superstructure then shallow foundation is provided but if the soil is poor, the depth of foundation has to be increased in order to safely transmit the load. Because of this increased depth the foundation is known as deep foundation and pile foundation is one such type of deep foundation along with piers and wells.

TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundations can be classified into different types based on certain criteria. 

1. BASED ON FUNCTION OR USE

A. Sheet piles

B. Load bearing piles 

C. End bearing piles

D. Friction piles 

E. Soil compactor piles

2. BASED ON MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD 

A. Timber piles

B. Concrete piles

C. Steel piles 

D. Composite piles

These can be further classified into the following:

• Timber piles: Untreated and Treated with Preservative 
• Concrete piles: Pre cast piles and Cast in-place piles 
• Steel piles: I - section piles and Hollow piles

But the best way of classifying pile foundation is on the basis of effect of installment of pile on the soil. Based on this pile foundation is divided into 2 types:

• Displacement piles
• Non - displacement piles

USES OF PILE FOUNDATION

• Piles provide load transfer in cases of poor/weak soil.
• In foundations for retaining walls, bridge abutments piles are used to resist horizontal loads.
• Loose sand deposits which get densified by the vibration set up on driving are compacted using piles.
• Piles are useful in resisting uplift loads.

MACHINE FOUNDATION

Machine foundations are heavily specialized foundations for machines, machine tools, and heavy equipment that operate at a variety of speeds, weights, circumstances.

These foundations are built to withstand the shocks and vibrations ( dynamic forces ) caused by machine operation.

The various types of machine foundations are as follows:

1. BLOCK MACHINE FOUNDATION

This foundation is made up of a pedestal that rests on a footing with a big mass and low natural frequency.

2. BOX OR CAISSON TYPE MACHINE FOUNDATION

A box type foundation is made of hollow concrete blocks. Because it is hollow, this foundation has a lower mass than a block type machine foundation. The natural frequency of the foundation of the box type machine is increased.

3. WALL TYPE MACHINE FOUNDATION

A pair of walls with a slab laying on top make up this form of machine foundation. This foundation is made up of the same elements throughout. The machine rests on the top slab and is utilized for tiny machines. 

4. FRAMED TYPE MACHINE FOUNDATION

Vertical columns with horizontal frames at their summit make up for this form of machine foundation. It is used for machines which are bigger in size. Machines are positioned on top of frames. Different materials can be used to construct the foundation's vertical and horizontal elements.